Important Papers Related to the G-matrix

This page is divided into two parts. The "getting started" list suggests some papers that are useful introductions to some key issues and may be helpful for teaching graduate-level classes. The "recent developments" list contains some recently published papers. The "all papers" list includes every important paper (of which we are aware at least) related to the G-matrix. This page is under construction, so if you know of a paper that should be added, email Adam Jones (agjones@tamu.edu).

Getting Started

Arnold, S. J., M. E. Pfrender, and A. G. Jones. 2001. The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro- and macroevolution. Genetica 112-113:9-32.

Arnold, S. J., R. Bürger, P. A. Hohenlohe, B. C. Ajie, A. G. Jones. 2008. Understanding the evolution and stability of the G-matrix. Evolution 62:2451-2461.

Bürger, R., and R. Lande. 1994. On the distribution of the mean and variance of a quantitative trait under mutation-selection-drift balance. Genetics 138:901-912.

Jones, A. G., S. J. Arnold, and R. Bürger. 2003. Stability of the G-matrix in a population experiencing stabilizing selection, pleiotropic mutation, and genetic drift. Evolution 57:1747-1760.

Lande, R. 1976. Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution. Evolution 30:314-334.

Lande, R. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain-body size allometry. Evolution 33:402-416.

Phillips, P. C. and S. J. Arnold. 1989. Visualizing multivariate selection. Evolution 43:1209-1222.

Schluter, D. 1996. Adaptive radiation along genetic lines of least resistance. J. Evol. Biol. 50:1766-1774.

Shaw, F. H., R. G. Shaw, G. S. Wilkinson and M. H. Turelli. 1995. Changes in genetic variances and covariances: G whiz! Evolution 49:1260-1267.

Steppan, S. J., P. C. Phillips, and D. Houle. 2002. Comparative quantitative genetics: evolution of the G matrix. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:320-327.

Recent Developments

Eroukhmanoff, F. 2009. Just How Much is the G-matrix Actually Constraining Adaptation? Evol. Biol. 36:323-326.

Scoville, A., Y. W. Lee, J. H. Willis, and J. K. Kelly. 2009. Contribution of chromosomal polymorphisms to the G-matrix of Mimulus guttatus. New Phytol. 183:803-815

Johnson, M. T. J., A. A. Agrawal, J. L. Maron, and J. P. Salminen. 2009. Heritability, covariation and natural selection on 24 traits of common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) from a field experiment. J. Evol. Biol. 22:1295-1307.

Hine, E., S. F. Chenoweth, H. D. Rundle, and M. W. Blows. 2009. Characterizing the evolution of genetic variance using genetic covariance tensors. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 364:1567-1578.

Kelly, J. K. 2009. Connecting QTLs to the G-matrix of evolutionary quantitative genetics. Evolution 63:813-825.

Revell, L. J. and D. C. Collar. 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of the evolutionary correlation using likelihood. Evolution 63:1090-1100.

Sherrard, M. E., H. Maherali, and R. G. Latta. 2009. Water stress alters the genetic architecture of functional traits associated with drought adaptation in Avena barbata. Evolution 63:702-715.

Agrawal, A. F. and J. R. Stinchcombe. 2009. How much do genetic covariances alter the rate of adaptation? Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 276:1183-1191.

Martin, G., E. Chapuis, and J. Goudet. 2009. Multivariate Q(st)-F(st) comparisons: A neutrality test for the evolution of the G matrix in structured populations. Genetics 180:2135-2149.

Chapuis, E., G. Martin, and J. Goudet. 2009. Effects of selection and drift on G matrix evolution in a heterogeneous environment: A multivariate Q(st)-F(st) test with the freshwater snail Galba truncatula. Genetics 180:2151-2161.

All Papers

Arnold, S. J. 1992. Constraints on phenotypic evolution. Am. Nat. 140:S85-S107.

Arnold, S.J. 1994. Multivariate inheritance and evolution: a review of the concepts. Pp. 17-48 in C. R. P. Boake, ed., Quantitative Genetic Studies of the Evolution of Behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Arnold, S. J., and P. C. Phillips. 1999. Hierarchical comparison of genetic variance covariance matrices. II. Coastal-inland divergence in the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans. J. Evol. Biol. 53:1516-1527.

Arnold, S. J., M. E. Pfrender, and A. G. Jones. 2001. The adaptive landscape as a conceptual bridge between micro- and macroevolution. Genetica 112-113:9-32.

Arnold, S. J., R. Bürger, P. A. Hohenlohe, B. C. Ajie, A. G. Jones. 2008. Understanding the evolution and stability of the G-matrix. Evolution 62:2451-2461.

Baatz, M., and G. P. Wagner. 1997. Adaptive inertia caused by hidden pleiotropic effects. Theor. Pop. Biol. 5:49-66.

Badyaev, A. V. and G. E. Hill. 2000. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in the house finch. I. Population divergence on morphological covariance structure. Evolution 54: 1784-1794.

Barton, N. H. and M. Turelli. 1987. Adaptive landscapes, genetic distance and the evolution of quantitative characters. Genet. Res. 49: 157-173.

Barton, N. H., and M. Turelli. 1989. Evolutionary quantitative genetics-how little do we know? Annu. Rev. Genet. 23:337-370.

Barton, N. H., and P. D. Keightley. 2002. Understanding quantitative genetic variation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3:11-20.

Blows, M.W. 2007. A tale of two matrices: multivariate approaches in evolutionary biology. J. Evol. Biol. 20:1-8.

Blows, M. and A. Hoffman. 2005. A reassessment of genetic limits to evolutionary change. Ecology 86:1371-1384.

Blows, M., S. F. Chenoweth, and E. J. Hine. 2004. Orientation of the genetic variance-covariance matrix and the fitness surface for multiple male sexually selected traits. Am. Nat. 163:329-340.

Brodie, E. D. III, D. J. Moore, and F. J. Janzen. 1995. Visualizing and quantifying natural selection. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:313-318

Bull, J. J. 1987. Evolution of phenotypic variance. Evolution 41:303-315.

Bürger, R. 1986.Constraints for the evolution of functionally coupled characters: a nonlinear analysis of a phenotypic model. Evolution 40:182-193.

Bürger, R. 1986. Evolutionary dynamics of functionally constrained phenotypic characters. IMA J. Math. Appl. Med. Biol. 3:265-287.

Bürger, R. 2000. The Mathematical Theory of Selection, Recombination, and Mutation. Wiley, New York, NY.

Bürger, R., and R. Lande. 1994. On the distribution of the mean and variance of a quantitative trait under mutation-selection-drift balance. Genetics 138:901-912.

Bürger, R., and M. Lynch. 1995. Evolution and extinction in a changing environment: a quantitative genetic analysis. Evolution 49:151-163.

Bürger, R., G. P. Wagner, and J. Stettinger. 1989. How much heritable variation can be maintained in finite populations by mutation-selection balance. Evolution 43:1748-1766.

Cano, J. M., A. Laurila, J. Palo, and J. Merila. 2004. Population differentiation in G matrix structure due to natural selection in Rana temporaria. Evolution 58:2013-2020.

Carter, A. J. R., J. Hermisson, and T. F. Hansen. 2005. The role of epistatic gene interactions in the response to selection and the evolution of evolvability. Theor. Pop. Biol. 68:179-196.

Charlesworth, B. 1993. Directional selection and the evolution of sex and recombination. Genet. Res. 61:205-224.

Charlesworth, B. 1993. The evolution of sex and recombination in a varying environment. J. Heredity 84:345-350.

Charlesworth, B., R. Lande, and M. Slatkin. 1982. A neo-Darwinian commentary on macroevolution. Evolution 36:474-498.

Cheverud, J. M. 1996. Developmental integration and the evolution of pleiotropy. Am. Zool. 36:44-50.

Curtsinger, J.W. 1984. Evolutionary landscapes for complex selection. Evolution 38: 359-367.

Doroszuk, A., M. W. Wojewodzic, G. Gort, and J. E. Kammenga. 2008. Rapid divergence of genetic variance-covariance matrix within a natural population. Am. Nat. 171:291-304.

Endler, J. A. 1986. Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ.

Estes, S., and S. J. Arnold. 2007. Resolving the paradox of stasis: models with stabilizing selection explain evolutionary divergence on all timescales. Am. Nat. 169:227-244.

Felsenstein, J. 1988. Phylogenies and quantitative characters. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19:445-471.

Fisher, R. A. 1918. The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 52:399-433.

Fisher, R. A. 1958. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Dover, New York, NY.

Flury, B. D. 1988. Common Principal Components and Related Multivariate Models. Wiley, New York, NY.

Fong, D. W. 1989. Morphological evolution of the amphipod Gammarusminus in caves: quantitative genetic analysis. Am. Midl. Nat. 121:361-378.

Gould, S. J. 1966. Allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny. Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 41:587-640.

Gould, S. J. 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard Univ. Press, Boston, MA.

Guillaume, F. and M. C. Whitlock. 2007. Effects of migration on the genetic covariance matrix. J. Evol. Biol. 61:2398-2409.

Hairston, N. G. Jr., S. P. Ellner, M. A. Geber, T. Yoshida, and J. A. Fox. 2005. Rapid evolution and the convergence of ecological and evolutionary time. Ecol. Lett. 8:1114-1127.

Hansen, T. F., and E. P. Martins. 1996. Translating between microevolutionary process and macroevolutionary patterns: the correlation structure of interspecific data. Evolution 50:1404-1417.

Hansen, T. F. 1997. Stabilizing selection and the comparative analysis of adaptation. Evolution 51:1341-1351.

Hansen, T. F. and D. Houle. 2008. Measuring and comparing evolvability and constraint in multivariate characters. J. Evol. Biol. 21:1201-1219.

Harvey, P. H. and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK.

Hendry, A. P. and M. T. Kinnison. 1999. The pace of modern life: measuring rates of microevolution. Evolution 53:1637-1653.

Hendry, A. P., J. K. Wenburg, P. Bentzen, E. C. Volk, and T. P. Quinn. 2000. Rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: evidence from introduced salmon. Science 290:516-518.

Hendry, A. P., T. Day, and E. B. Taylor. 2001. Population mixing and the adaptive divergence of quantitative characters in discrete populations: a theoretical framework for empirical tests. Evolution 55:459-466.

Hermisson, J., T. F. Hansen, and G. P. Wagner. 2003. Epistasis in polygenic traits and the evolution of genetic architecture. Am. Nat. 161:708-734.

Hohenlohe, P. A., and S. J. Arnold. 2008. MIPod: a hypothesis testing framework for microevolutionary inference from patterns of divergence. Am. Nat. 171:366-385.

Houle, D. 1992. Comparing evolvability and variability of quantitative traits. Genetics 130:195-204.

Houle, D., J. Mezey, and P. Galpern. 2002. Interpretation of the results of partial principal components analysis. Evolution 56:433-440.

Jernigan, R. W., D. C. Culver, and D. W. Fong. 1994. The dual role of selection and evolutionary history as reflected in genetic correlations. J. Evol. Biol. 48:587-596.

Jones, A. G., S. J. Arnold, and R. Bürger. 2003. Stability of the G-matrix in a population experiencing stabilizing selection, pleiotropic mutation, and genetic drift. Evolution 57:1747-1760.

Jones, A. G., S. J. Arnold, and R. Bürger. 2004. Evolution and stability of the G-matrix on a landscape with a moving optimum. Evolution 58:1639-1654.

Jones, A. G., S. J. Arnold, and R. Bürger. 2007. The mutation matrix and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 61:727–745.

Kingsolver, J. G., H. E. Hoekstra, J. M. Hoekstra, D. Berrigan, S. N. Vignieri, C. E. Hill, A. Hoang, P. Gibert, and P. Beerli. 2001. The strength of phenotypic selection in natural populations. Am. Nat. 157:245-261.

Lande, R. 1976. Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution. Evolution 30:314-334.

Lande, R. 1976. The maintenance of genetic variability by mutation in a polygenic character with linked loci. Genet. Res. 26:221-235.

Lande, R. 1979. Quantitative genetic analysis of multivariate evolution, applied to brain-body size allometry. Evolution 33:402-416.

Lande, R. 1980. Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection, and adaptation in polygenic characters. Evolution 34:292-305.

Lande, R. 1980. The genetic covariance between characters maintained by pleiotropic mutation. Genetics 94:203-215.

Lande, R. 1981. The minimum number of genes contributing to quantitative variation between and within populations. Genetics 99:541-553.

Lande, R. 1986. The dynamics of peak shifts and the pattern of morphological evolution. Paleobiol. 12:343-354.

Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and demography in biological conservation. Science 241:1455-1460.

Lande, R. 2007. Expected relative fitness and the adaptive topography of fluctuating selection. Evolution 61:1835-1846.

Lande, R. and S. J. Arnold. 1983. The measurement of selection on correlated characters. Evolution 37:1210-1226.

Lande, R. and S. Shannon. 1996. The role of genetic variation in adaptation and population persistence in a changing environment. Evolution 50:434-437.

Lynch, M. and R. Lande. 1993. Evolution and extinction in response to environmental change. Pp. 234-250 in P. Kareiva, J. G. Kingsolver, and R. B. Huey, eds, Biotic Interactions and Global Change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.

Lynch, M. and B. Walsh. 1998. Genetics and Analysis of Quantitative Traits. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.

Marroig, G. and J. M. Cheverud. 2004. Did natural selection or genetic drift produce cranial diversification of Neotropical monkeys? Am. Nat. 163:417-428.

McGuigan, K., S. F. Chenoweth, and M. W. Blows. 2005. Phenotypic divergence along lines of genetic variance. Am. Nat. 165:32-43.

Mousseau, T. A. and D. A. Roff. 1987. Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components. Heredity 59:181-197.

Nespolo, R. F., C. C. Figueroa, M. Plantegenest, and J. C. Simon. 2008. Short-term population differences in the genetic architecture of life history traits related to sexuality in an aphid species. Heredity 100:374-381.

Phillips, P. C. and S. J. Arnold. 1989. Visualizing multivariate selection. Evolution 43:1209-1222.

Phillips, P. C. and S. J. Arnold. 1999. Hierarchical comparison of genetic variance covariance matrices. I. Using the Flury hierarchy. Evolution 53:1506-1515.

Phillips, P. C. and K. L. McGuigan. 2006. Evolution of genetic variance covariance structure. Pp. 310-325 in C. W. Fox and J. B. Wolf, eds. Evolutionary Genetics: Concepts and Case Studies. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, England.

Phillips, P. C., M. C. Whitlock, and K. Fowler. 2001. Inbreeding changes the shape of the genetic covariance matrix in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 158:1137-1145.

Reeve, J. P. 2000. Predicting long-term response to selection. Genet. Res. 75:83-94.

Revell, L. J. 2007. The G matrix under fluctuation correlational mutation and selection. Evolution 61:1857-1872.

Roff, D. A. 2000. The evolution of the G matrix: selection or drift? Heredity 84:135-142.

Roff, D. A. 2002. Comparing G matrices: a MANOVA approach. Evolution 56:1286-1291.

Roff, D. A., T. Mousseau, A. P. Møller, F. de Lope, and N. Saino. 2004. Geographic variation in the G matrices of wild populations of the barn swallow. Heredity 93:8-14.

Schluter, D. 1988. Estimating the form of natural selection on a quantitative trait. Evolution 42:849-861.

Schluter, D. 1996. Adaptive radiation along genetic lines of least resistance. J. Evol. Biol. 50:1766-1774.

Schluter, D. 2000. The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK.

Schmalhausen, I. I. 1949. Factors of Evolution, the Theory of Stabilizing Selection. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Shaw, F. H., R. G. Shaw, G. S. Wilkinson and M. H. Turelli. 1995. Changes in genetic variances and covariances: G whiz! Evolution 49:1260-1267.

Simpson, G. G. 1944. Tempo and Mode in Evolution. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, NY.

Simpson, G. G. 1953. The Major Features of Evolution. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

Slatkin, M. and R. Lande. 1976. Niche width in a fluctuating environment— density independent model. Am. Nat. 110:31-55.

Smith, R. A. and M. D. Rausher. 2008. Selection for character displacement is constrained by the genetic architecture of floral traits in the ivyleaf morning glory. Evolution 62:2829-2841.

Steppan, S. J. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of phenotypic covariance structure. I. Contrasting results from matrix correlation and common principal component analyses. Evolution 51:571-586.

Steppan, S. J. 1997. Phylogenetic analysis of phenotypic covariance structure. II. Reconstructing matrix evolution. Evolution 51:587-594.

Steppan, S. J., P. C. Phillips, and D. Houle. 2002. Comparative quantitative genetics: evolution of the G matrix. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:320-327.

Thompson, J. N. 1998. Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13:329-332.

Turelli, M. 1985. Effects of pleiotropy on predictions concerning mutation-selection balance for polygenic traits. Genetics 111:165-195.

Turelli, M. 1988. Phenotypic evolution, constant covariances, and the maintenance of additive variation. Evolution 42:1342-1347.

Turelli, M. and N. H. Barton. 1990. Dynamics of polygenic characters under selection. Theor. Pop. Biol. 38:1-57.

Van ‘T Land, J., P. Van Putten, B. Zwaan, A. Kamping and W. Van Delden. 1999. Latitudinal variation in wild populations of Drosophila melanogaster: heritabilities and reaction norms. J. Evol. Biol. 12:222-232.

Wagner, G. P. 1984. Coevolution of functionally constrained characters: prerequisites for adaptive versatility. BioSystems 17:51-55.

Wagner, G. P. 1988. The influence of variation and of developmental constraints on the rate of multivariate phenotypic evolution. J. Evol. Biol. 1:45-66.

Wagner, G. P. 1989. Multivariate mutation-selection balance with constrained pleiotropic effects. Genetics 122:223-234.

Wagner, G. P. and L. Altenberg. 1996. Perspective: Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evolution 50:967-976.

Wagner, G. P., G. Booth, H. Bagheri-Chaichian. 1997. A population genetic theory of canalization. Evolution 51:329-347.

Jones Lab * Reinhard Bürger * Steve Arnold * Biology Department * Texas A&M University